Impact of Motivation on Organizational Productivity †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Motivation on Organizational Productivity. Answer: Problem Statement Employees in Toyota Company, Australia has been facing low productivity from their workers, which resulted in huge job loss of the workers. This has been due to lack of motivated form the employers and the organization. Reduction in motivational aspect of the employee was due to increasing pressure within the organization and low pay slab. Because of this, the workers were not being able to give their best and were more focused in meeting targets (The Conversation, 2017). This is the biggest problem that they are facing in their company that might also lead to their downfall in the competitive environment of the automobile industry. Thus, they need to motivate their employees by making them feel good about the responsibilities that they have been given which will automatically improve productivity. (Shaban, et al., 2017). Research Question What role does employee motivation play on organizational productivity? How can a company motivate the employees in an organization? What are the chain impacts of lack of employee motivation? Low motivational spirits among employees such as low morale can affect the productivity in an organization badly. This is because due to lack in working spirit the absenteeism and sabotage rate among the employees increases. References Howard, L. W., Turban, D. B., Hurley, S. K. (2016). Cooperating teams and competing reward strategies: Incentives for team performance and firm productivity.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,3(3). Olafsen, A. H., Halvari, H., Forest, J., Deci, E. L. (2015). Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self?determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation.Scandinavian journal of psychology,56(4), 447-457. Shaban, O. S., Al-Zubi, Z., Ali, N., Alqotaish, A. (2017). The Effect of Low Morale and Motivation on Employees Productivity Competitiveness in Jordanian Industrial Companies.International Business Research,10(7), 1. The Conversation. (2017). Toyota's 'low-productivity' workers and the problem of performance assessment. Retrieved 24 November 2017, from https://theconversation.com/toyotas-low-productivity-workers-and-the-problem-of-performance-assessment-6492

Perspectives of Religion Essay Sample free essay sample

Religion has ever been a portion of society ; it has played a cardinal function in many societal events and will go on to. Within all these faiths there are many things they have in common and it’s interesting to see that even though they still continue to hold struggle. Religion has many facets and different ways to comprehend it. Throughout this paper I will look at faith in four key positions. which are Conflict. Functionalism. Feminism. and in conclusion the Interactionist position. God is seen as the swayer and Godhead of the universe. Peoples must be dedicated and behave in a peculiar manor in order to be rewarded. Religion gives an account for everything in life. act uponing people to follow a specific way in order to harvest the benefits in life. When following a faith they teach thoughts. such as giving and confronting hardships in life to have benefits in the hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives of Religion Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There might neer be merely one faith but each one is invariably spread outing to suit the different types of people. To appeal to the younger coevalss. these faiths have changed their books and integrated activities for followings to take part in. Within every civilization there are different types of faiths. By holding several faiths. there are struggles between them. Each faith being ethnocentric. asseverating their civilization is the â€Å"social norm† ( Summer W. G. . ( 1906 ) . p. 56 ) . Therefore faiths will be seen as their societal position. and will impact their class of life. When a spiritual group starts to move in a specific societal position. from that point on the universe will be tie ining their society’s positions with their spiritual beliefs. There are many of these state of affairss in today’s universe. a premier illustration are how the terrorist onslaught on 9/11 are automatically associated with the Muslim faith. instead than it being tag as an onslaught from a group in the Middle East. The groups that associate faith and societal position tend to besides demo the inequalities in the groups individuality. Different societal stature will function different intent. a great illustration in the book is how societal establishments impact society. Religious establishments have different aims when functioning the community. Richard Schaefer points out the when spiritual leaders from the lower category work for their community they focus on supplying nutrient and assisting the ailment. On the other manus. when the upper in-between category provides work they focus more on matrimony guidance and seting together activities for the young person ( Schaefer R. ( 2008b ) . p. 117 ) . Society has many elements. each 1 has a specific function to play. to guarantee that each map together in integrity. Therefore. there should be construction and map. The map of Religion is to explicate and gives answer to the things we don’t understand and might fear. Like how did we go to be. where will be go after we die. Religion provides a society with values and norms to follow. In the United States we are founded on the values of Christianity. we have made our society around these beliefs to function the good of humanity. There are Torahs in topographic point to maintain the people of the society in line. those who don’t follow will be punished. which will keep solidarity. Religion acts as glue conveying people together in integrity in a specific group. although when you look at it from a wide spectrum it is besides the cause of struggle between different faiths. There has been and still is an issue with inequality between work forces and adult females in society. Religion sees adult females as inferior to work forces ; work forces are and have ever been in the function of leading in both society and the household. In category there was a treatment approximately would non being able to take who they marry because of the dowery procedure in India. There are some spiritual groups in India that will non give adult females a pick of where she lives. who she marries. or how many childs she wants. Men wholly ruling the life’s of every adult females. Most religions have a long tradition of entirely male religious leading. because most faiths are patriarchal. they tend to reenforce men’s laterality in layman every bit good as religious affairs ( Schafer R. and Zellner. ( 2011 ) . p. 117 ) . When looking back Religious leaders none of them are adult females. Religion has many things and symbols that are associated with it these points pl ay a cardinal function on the whole image and facet of it all. With in every faith there is a God. Gods. or a higher power. and each group follows the way that was said to them from this higher power. The ground that these groups are able to cognize what they should make and why things are. because they have a book to cite to such as the Bible or Koran. There are many symbols and rites that all faiths have in common. Prayer is at that place to talk with God/higher power. to inquire inquiry. expression to for aid. The interactionist position sees the different parts of a faith and its maps within it. Religion is incorporated in every society. it is basically the manner everyone live their lives. There are many elements of faith and can be looked at in different ways. Karl Marx stated that â€Å"Religion is the opium of the people† ( Everett. J. ( 2013 ) ) . Using the struggle position. Marx saw it as tool used to rule over other societies. Emile Durkheim looked at all the maps in society and found that â€Å"religion reinforces a group’s solidarity† ( Durkheim E. ( [ 1912 ] 2001 ) . p. 10 ) . Although faith is map is solidarity. there still seems to be an issue with inequality with work forces and adult females. Womans are non able to accomplish the same stature as work forces and are required to be submissive. P ulling all the parts of Religion seeing how each constituent plants and why it’s there is the substance of this paper. Mentions: Everett. J. ( 2013 ) . Class treatment.Schaefer. R. ( 2011 ) . Sociology: A brief debut. ( 9 erectile dysfunction. . p. 10 ) . New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Schaefer. R. ( 2011 ) . Sociology: A brief debut. ( 9 erectile dysfunction. . p. 56 ) . New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Schaefer. R. ( 2011 ) . Sociology: A brief debut. ( 9 erectile dysfunction. . p. 117 ) . New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Schaefer. R. ( 2011 ) . Sociology: A brief debut. ( 9 ed. ) . New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.

WEB Dubois essays

WEB Dubois essays As African Americans become equal citizens in America they need to establish their own aims and ideas as people. African Americans must do active hands on research on the discipline of black studies. DuBois recognized that any research on black studies must be done by black scholars. This research must make a positive, lasting impact of the change on humanity. The educated Negro must go back to the original roots of Africans to establish a strong foundation for the development of African Americans. I t is critical for African American Negro scholars to be conscious and aware of these experiences to recognize the oppression which the African American has occurred. These scholars can not abandon their culture and heritage through integration and assimilation. For the success of African Americans, intellectuals must recognize and acknowledge this abandonment of their heritage so that they can move forward in the future for the better of the collective masses of African Americans. B lack Americans must establish a sense of security of their own culture and heritage as people in America. I believe black intellectuals should recognize and express the "black experience" to African American communities. African Americans need to be aware of the contributions and experiences, which their people made to America. People of African descent must recognize their culture and own heritage on an internal level for their advancements as a people. African Americans must also recognize the external forces in America that has slowed their development in life as people in America. These external forces deal with the assimilation and integration of black Americans into white America. Once African Americans recognize these external and internal forces, than their minds can be clear. This is than where the foundation of establishing goals and aims for African American people in America can begin. ...

Jordan Surname Meaning and Origin

Jordan Surname Meaning and Origin The common surname Jordan  derived from the common Christian baptismal name Jordan,  taken from the river by that name flowing between the countries of Jordan and Israel. Jordan derives  from the Hebrew  Ã—™× ¨Ã—“ן (Yarden), meaning to descend or to flow down. Jordan is the 106th most common last name in America according to data from the 2000 U.S. census. ​Surname Origin: English, French, German, Spanish, Hungarian Alternate Surname Spellings:  Giordano (Italian), Jordann (Dutch), Jordn (Spanish), JORDÃÆ'O (Portuguese), JOURDAIN (French), GEORDAN, GERDAN, Giordan, Jordain, Jordaine, Jordanis, Jorden, Jordens, Jordin, Jourdaine, Jourdan, Jourdane, Jourden, Jurden, Jurdin, Jurdon, Siurdain, Yordan Famous People With the Surname JORDAN Michael Jordan - NBA basketball star.Barbara Jordan - civil rights activist and U.S. Representative.Louis Jordan - saxophonist and singer. Genealogy Resources for the Surname JORDAN The Jordan family DNA project consists of members with the Jordan surname from the USA, Canada, and Europe dedicated to discovering matches between participants that enable them to achieve their goals in genealogical research.   Explore the Jordan family genealogy forum at Genealogy.com for the Jordan surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or ask your own question about your Jordan ancestors. At  FamilySearch.org you can find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Jordan surname and its variations.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Jordan surname available through their website. DistantCousin.com is a great place to access free databases and genealogy links for the last name Jordan. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Experiment 2 Resonant circuit Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiment 2 Resonant circuit - Lab Report Example However, this current if often affected by several other factors both from within the connection itself and from without i.e. from the external environment. Impedance, the vector sum of reactance and resistance, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. Fourier analysis allows any signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies, whence the circuit's reaction to the various frequencies may be found. This paper will look at the measurement/ the process of determining the amount of current flowing through an electric circuit by use of a resonator. This is done by analyzing the frequencies of the resonation reflected on the resonator. The level of current transmitted by different sources of power differs depending on the voltage capacity of the source. Sources with higher voltage will result in the increase in the amount of current flowing through the circuit when the loop is closed and the low voltage sources will as well result into low current flowing within the circuit. When the connection is terminated, the current ceases to flow and the charge stored in the capacitor is lost (as the capacitor discharges) (Hammond). Besides, the resonant is used to establish the amount of charge radiated into the capacitor during charging and the amount/ rate of loss of charges over time as the capacitor discharges. The experiment was carried out by setting up a circuit connection off with an AC power source as the source of current transmitted through the circuit and the two nodes X and Y connected to the resonator. These nodes reflect the frequency of the current flowing through the circuit as reflected in the wavelengths on the resonator. When the circuit is closed, current flows through it and the wavelengths of the current shown on the resonator, contrary, when the circuit is broken, the current cease to low and the waves ceases to be transmitted across the circuit. This is indicated by the cession in the projection of the waves on the resonator and the cession of the resonation capacity of the resonator. Certain physical factors are used to determine this variation in the flow of current. These include the amplitude, a, of the waves transmitted through the circuit and the wavelength, ?, of the waves produced as current flows through the connection. While the amplitude of the current shown on the resonator indicates the amount of current passed across at any given instance, the frequency of these wavelengths qualifies the voltage of the power source. The principles mused in this experiment is that of the flow of current in an electric circuit determined by the power source. That the higher the power voltage, the higher the amount of current flowing through the circuit and vice versa. The capacitance of the capacitors is then determined to indicate the amount of charge stored in the capacitors. This capacitance varies from time to time depending on the voltage strength of the power source. The total capacitance of the device that resonates with the inductance of the winding tested is the distributed capacitance; Cd. Experience shows that this result is considered axiomatic by many Engineers. (Hammond) This experiment id very important for electricians and engineers as it helps them the determine with rather accuracy the

FILM APPRECIATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FILM APPRECIATION - Essay Example The very facets that are used to rule society are a reflection of that dominant society’s social views and behaviors. What are ruling ideas and how do they coincide with ideology? Ruling ideas like individualism, honor, competitiveness, and duality mirror the idealized perceptions of the current dominant class in any given time period. This is important because it reveals the power that that class holds over society, thus enabling a governing body to manipulate them. Marx’s definition of ideology is the idea that can be used to manipulate society. Why does Marx and Engel focus on the bourgeois class? The bourgeois class holds power, which is a subsidiary of wealth, education and exposure to a variety of elements in the real world. Their ideas are key over the lower class because they are the ones who directly or indirectly shape society the most. What is â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses†? An essay written by Louis Althusser that depicts ideology a s a fortifying notion that encourages people to succumb to a state of oppression through their invented identify of themselves vs. who they are in reality based on â€Å"experience, consciousness, and subjectivity† (2). ... A school established in Frankfurt, Germany in 1923 whose theorists construed that cultural artifacts maintained the connection between mass culture and its realistic view on life in an industrial society. How does Walter Benjamin’s believes differ from Marx and Althusser? How has film supported his viewpoint? Benjamin says that mass culture has the ability to judge itself and they will if given the proper tools. Film creates flash images, or a rush of pictures that equate to self-analysis like reflections in sports by fans (Frankfurt 4). More members of society have access to film over high art and film makes it easier to analyze societal behavior. How is ideology applied to films like Rambo? Labels and stereotypes that ideology envelops in specific cultures can be mimicked or imitated in films. For example, Rambo (although fictional) portrays society’s real issues of sexism, racism and militarism. It acts like a mirror, like a checklist. The film represents the listed problems of society by portraying women as whores and a black man as â€Å"evil† because he combats Rambo (Reading 2-3). This is what ideology is, a reflection of the mass culture in reality. Psychoanalysis http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road- Movies/Psychoanalysis.html 10 Questions What is psychoanalysis and who founded it? Psychoanalysis is a term coined by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer that refers to the study of the unconscious part of the human mind. If the unconscious exists then that correlates with the fact that humans are restricted in their self-awareness. People are not in complete control of their thoughts and emotions. Dreaming is a product of the unconscious mind, but how does it relate to psychoanalysis? In what text did it first

Comparison Between Mainframe And Distributed Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Mainframe And Distributed Information Technology Essay Client-server invent has actual and instant profits to software developers, apart from the volume of system. The client-server model is accepted model which operates client and server machines which are designed for exact purposes for computer networking. The Internet and Local Area Networks (LANs) both can use client-server model. Examples of the client-server systems on internet could be Web servers and Web browsers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS (Domain Name System). In FTP, users enter a computer name or sometimes an IP address in interface to locate connections to the server. There are two split devices in client-server model which are personalized for their considered reasons. For instance, a network client works most excellent in a big screen display, whereas a network server does not require any display and can be placed wherever in the world. On the other hand a device can be used as both, a client and a server for identical purpose. Similarly, a server device for one app lication can concurrently work as a client to other servers, for changed applications. People like client-server architecture because it offers error separation between modules, scalable performance in multiple servers, and central server is easy to manage and easy to program. The problem described in the assignment question says that in 1987 Hures implemented its first information system which was in mainframe computer that served Altos terminals to the users desktop. Then they ported the application on the client/server network to keep pace with changes in both the business and information system environment. Although the company started to grow non-stop, they noticed the following problems: Difficulty in scaling the servers to respond to the increased load in the distributed environment. Continual requirement for increasingly powerful desktop machines. But the main problem faced by Hures was as follows: Difficulty in configuring application into client-server modules. Modifying the configuration in response to user feedback. Analysis: Client/Server Devices: Long time ago as PCs (Personal Computers) turn out to be option to older mainframe computers, Client/server networking model developed in fame. The devices which ask for and accept information over the internet is Client PCs with network software applications established. Client functions can be found in mobile devices and desktop computers. Files and databases plus composite applications such as websites are stored in server device. High performance central processors, larger disk drive and more memory than clients are needed in server devices. Client/Server Applications: Applications and devices are differentiated by the client-server model. Client devices request a server side via posting messages in networks, and those servers reply to their clients with proceeding on those requests and sending back outcomes. According to about.com one server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows. Suggested solution for Hures problems: Here the problems faced by Hures are unique as my understandings. The described problem relates on the speediness of the system. The system should be created as which can handle upcoming demands or requirements of the business. According to this, the corporation or the designer of the system would not have concentrated on the upcoming development of the adjustment of the system or the system itself, to make sure that the system will give the future requirements and demands because of the various alteration in both external and internal situation that can vary the whole flow of information in the corporation. The bigger centre of attention should be the customer, and accordingly on the information resources and services that are needed to maintain communication with customers. So the information system should be created which can support the future demands, requirements and also support the user communication. Client Server Architecture: Nowadays client-server architecture is flexible in rapidly altering IT landscape. It relies on messaging services for interaction between components and is modular in structure as well. It is actually considered for improving usability, flexibility, interoperability, and scalability. Usability means the capability of the C/S architecture to achieve customers objective which is the part of human computer interaction. An obvious consistent process of evolution towards an objective and ease of use could be considered as some of the defined features. Term flexibility offers a better key space than that reachable with single computer models and it means C/S architecture is capable to change according to different users and various system requirements. Scalability is very important term for C/S architecture which refers to a products capacity to modify in size or amount kindly to meet up requests from users. Interoperability is ability to utility with other systems with no involving person involvement and manpower. Efficiency in all of these above features can be improved through improvements by client-server architecture. According to Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas client server architecture has following primary qualities: Systems are created by collecting independent components which gives unique and specific functions to system. Client components relate with users and servers to manage computing resources in the easiest arrangement where in more difficult arrangements, some servers can also be clients of other servers. Clients and servers can use hardware and software uniquely suited to the required functions. Front-end and back-end systems usually need computing resources that differ in type and power. C/S architecture is expanded due to the limits of file-sharing architectures that needs loads of bandwidth and sometimes it may stop or jam a network reasoning it to collapse. Only low shared usage and low volume of data can be transmitted. The file servers are replaced with database servers in C/S architecture and RDBMS (Relational DBMS) answers user queries and also improve consistency of data between different users so every user can have right to use the equal updated information. Till now only particular queries were being answered so the data of the file transferred in place of the whole file which reduces speed of the network. Client/Server with Database servers is shown below: Client Application Network Client Application Client Application Database Server Figure 1: C/S architecture with Database server C/S Architecture in Mainframe Environment: The design of complex mainframe by using modular programming and the association of modules into consistent groupings, or layers, has been a standard practice from long time. Layering is good design practice. In mainframe environment host computer (a mainframe) levers all processing, counting input, output, data storage and retrieval and that was being used in 70s. No matter what the target environment, specialization of function within distinct layers encourages designers to keep similar functions closely aligned, from both a functional and a performance viewpoint (Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas 1998, pp.30) thats why layering is good practice. C/S architecture in mainframe environment with file server is shown in the following figure: Client Application Network Client Application Client Application Figure2: Client/Server with file servers in mainframe environment. C/S Architecture in Distributed System: In distributed system number of computers (workstations, PCs) is distributed physically and connected by a communication network which handle all processing and are being used by the todays generation. The coverage is not nearly as absolute as in mainframe environment. For distributed systems, the coverage is not nearly as complete as it is in a mainframe environment. Distributed system became famous when a client posts a request and gets any service that did not appear from nowhere. Client/server model a lot referred to as a two-tier model which is related with tiny LAN-based distributed systems. But architecturally, it originated from software engineering principles developed for usual, centralized mainframe systems. Client Application Network Client Application Client Application File Server File Server Figure 3: Client/Server with file servers in distributed environment. Comparison between Distributed and Mainframe: The following figure shows comparison between distributed system and mainframe environment system and the difference of layering in between those two: Figure 4: Functional layering in mainframe and distributed systems (Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas, 1998) 2. Alternative Architecture for Hures: To solve the problem faced by Hures current client/server technology, Client-Queue-Client can be useful as alternative architecture. This uses a passive queue which allows the client instances to communicate directly with each other, which will refine their request from the services (Exforsys Inc). It helps out to maintain and avoid any inconveniences with the server so it could be helpful for Hures to use this architecture as alternative. To track the number of clients that are connected to the server, client queue is utilized. Therefore, the server can trace which resources the client has obtained, and the server can release the resources after the client connection breaks down (Chan Leong 2003). Scalability is very important feature which take part in Client/Server architecture effectively. Nowadays enterprise systems must accommodate growth. As the information systems grow, performance problems take place alongside six different dimensions; those are databases, stored objects, user population, transaction rates, data analysis, and networks. Good design anticipates the effects of business growth on performance. To shorten debate of performance, one of these dimensions is considered individually from each other. In any actual enterprise, some relationships will usually be real amongst these four effects for example, complex networks typically host large client populations, and a high transaction rate generally implies a large client population. However, such relationships are not necessary. Compared to the mainframe environment, client/server gives enhanced scalability since connections can be made as required rather than being set. More and more servers can be included to a network since application needs raises. Though, the increase in power will not be linear in terms of the number of servers. Intranet web Technology: Intranet is a web technology which is constructed by applying similar protocols and tools those are applied by the global internet but only difference is the internet is applied to the different place in the world and intranet is applied to the internal network such as in organisation. It can be described like a closed-circuit television system, which can be viewed only by those people within the organization that owns the system (Lowe 2009). Intranet site could only be viewed by those who are within that network of that particular organisation. Even though based on the same protocols as the World Wide Web, an intranet is protected from the outside world either by not being connected to the outside or through a series of hardware and software obstacles known as a firewall (Matthews Matthews 2003, p. 64). Advantages of Intranet: Intranet could be huge method of making available information to the internal users of the organisation and that can be the key benefit of the intranet. The applications which are used for newsletters, price lists, policy manuals etc. might be published by using intranet web technology. It can also help to transact application by gathering information that is related on expense and programs (Lowe 2009). Since intranet permits to make a personal position in the Internet, the position will be protected and safe, because only those persons with abilities to access can make use of the website over the Internet. Most of all, it can facilitate to distribute information to the users in more easier and effective manner. Intranet also gives increased productivity, reduced margin of error, flexibly; it has appropriate and accurate information, and lets smaller for marketing. Disadvantages of Intranet: Intranet web technology can be expensive to set up and maintain within the organisation because it could require extraordinary team for managing the process of allocating and maintaining the resources which are occupied in the website. If the access is got by someone else on the outside of the organisation it can be risky for the company so there could be some security issues might be raised. For instance, an employee might have posted sensitive information for all employees to see. Intranet is the technology which could need upgrades and might not have software compatibility and security features can be insufficient as well. Sometimes poor user support may not be effectively scale up. If some users may not have PCs at their desk, they could not be able to access the intranet. There can be possibilities of information overload which can happen when the big amount of data has been put on the intranet and that can make very difficult for employees to find the way and find data that is meaningful or that they need. With Intranets, firms have to set up and maintain separate applications such as E-mail and Web servers, instead of using one unified system as with groupware that is less back-end integration7. Intranet software and the internet: There is no uncertainty that intranet software is measured as one of the most taken advantage of networking technology in the business world. The previous sentence becomes true because it can give various advantages which cannot be achieved by the peer-to-peer and client-server architecture. It permits companies to obtain improvement of the wireless and Internet technology, and on top of that, it gives the privacy and security which can be presented by established client/server system. As a result of this, it has been seen that the attractiveness of intranet software and the Internet pose threats towards the traditional client/server systems. However, it is significant to think about that although intranet and the Intranet are being exercised and conventional worldwide, there are still fractions or characteristics of the company which are in necessitate of using the established client/server systems. Conclusion: To conclude that client/server architecture is the well known and well established network model which is used a lot nowadays. It gives more scalability, flexibility, usability, interoperability which improves the efficiency of the network and throughput as well. As we know there could be some problems with system and tools which are provided but as long as we consider that the problems could be solved with the C/S architecture that is main advantage of the C/S architecture. In the report client/server architecture is explained and we compared the C/S architecture in both mainframe environment and in distributed environment. The arrangements of the mainframe and distribute systems are explained in order to C/S architecture so from that we can figure out how the client/server model will suit the different environment. As we discussed there are some issues raised about C/S architecture used in the information systems which was developed for the Hures and it was in mainframe environment so in place of that distributed systems can be used to solve the problem and also the alternative solution for the C/S architecture can be considered to solve the problem of Hures. References: About.com: Wireless/Networking (2010) Introduction to Client Server network [Online], Date of retrieval: 29/01/2010, Available from: http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingfaqs/a/client-server.htm Chris Loosley and Frank Douglas (1998), High performance, client/server, (pp. 38-40), John Wiley Sons. Chan, A T S Leong, H V 2003, Cooperative Internet Computing, Springer.   Exforsys Inc. (2000-2010) Peer-to-Peer and Client-Queue-Client Architecture [Online], Date of retrieval: 03/02/2010, Available from: http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/client-server/peer-to-peer-and-client-queue-client-architecture.html Lowe, D 2009, Networking for Dummies, For Dummies. Matthews M Matthews (2003), Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003: The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill Professional. Ravi Kalakota Andrew B. Whinston (1997), Electronic Commerce, pp.88-90, Addison Wesley Longamn, Inc.